The rehabilitation of an irrigation system along the Yellow River

The People's Victory Irrigation System which diverts water from the Yellow River of China covers a total irrigable area of 59 000 ha. The system encountered some serious problems in the first decade of its operation — salinity and waterlogging of irrigated land, siltation of irrigation and drainage channels, as well as a low efficiency of water use. This paper describes a series of structural and functional measures which have been adopted in the past 24 years for the rehabilitation of the system, including: improvement of the existing drainage system and construction of new drainage system on agricultural land, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies, a comprehensive programme to reduce the levels of siltation as well as the implementation of improved water management practices. A model for the optimal operation of the system by using system analysis theory as an aid in reducing the operation and maintenance (O & M) costs has been developed in recent years. The results are that the soil salinity has been controlled and the agricultural production has increased whilst the efficiency of water use has improved and the siltation levels reduced. Experience gained on this system has been successfully used in developing and managing other irrigation projects along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The proposed procedure of solving the said optimal model has also embodied some benefits from reducing O & M costs in operation.     

Using drainage systems for supplementary irrigation

The use of drainage systems for supplementary irrigation is widespread in The Netherlands. One of the operating policies is to raise the surface water level during the growing season in order to reduce drainage (water conservation) or to create subsurface irrigation. This type of operation is based on practical experience, which can be far from optimal.To obtain better founded operational water management rules a total soil water/surface water model was built. In a case study the effects of using the drainage system in a dual-purpose manner on the arable crop production were simulated with the model. Also, the operational rules for managing this type of dual-purpose drainage systems were derived.The average annual simulated increase in crop transpiration due to water conservation and water supply for subsurface irrigation are 6.0 and 5.4 mm.y^–1, respectively. This is equivalent with 520 × 10³ and 460 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for the pilot region (2 Dfl 1 US $). The corresponding investments and operational costs are 600 × 10³ Dfl and 9 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for water conservation and 3200 × 10³ Dfl and 128 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for subsurface irrigation. Hence, water conservation is economically very profitable, whereas subsurface irrigation is less attractive.Comparing the management according to the model with current practice in a water-board during 1983 and 1986 learned that benefits can increase with some 50 and 500 Dfl per ha per year, respectively.     

灰铸铁生产技术的一些新进展

对灰铸铁的研究现状和生产中的一些新技术做了评述。重点介绍了高强度薄壁灰铸铁的生产现状以及先进的制造工艺和先进的制造手段在灰铸铁生产中应用所取得的技术成果。     

Effect of drying on soil strength and corn emergence

Summary Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of drying on soil strength and corn emergence (Zea mays L.). Corn was germinated in Billings silty clay under a bank of heat lamps which operated 9, 14, 19, or 24 h per day. Soil strength (modules of rupture), soil moisture content and emergence were measured daily.The relationship of soil strength to corn seedling emergence as influenced by the four light and heat durations and bare and mulched soil surfaces was determined. As soil strength increased emergence decreased until it ceased at soil strengths of about 80 kPa. Strength of this soil had a high negative correlation with soil water content and increased with time. Mulching decreased initial rate of drying, decreased crust strength, and improved corn emergence. The 14-hour light and heat treatment resulted in the highest corn emergence.Contribution from Colorado State Experiment Station, USDA-ARS Snake River Conservation Research Center, and USDA-ARS Fort Collins, respectively     

井渠结合灌区水资源多目标优化配置模型与应用

将灌区的经济效益和生态环境效益结合在一起综合考虑，在灌区水资源配置时不仅只追求获得最大经济效益，同时尽量将地下水位控制在适宜范围内，以维持地下水资源的采补平衡，实现水资源的可持续利用。按此原则，建立了井渠结合灌区水资源多目标优化配置模型。实例计算表明：应用此模型指导井渠结合灌区的水资源配置可实现真正意义上的地表水和地下水联合运用，提高水资源利用效率。     

Influence of Cultural Practices on the Performance of Long Level Basins in Egypt

Several field studies were conducted tobetter understand the influence of culturalpractices, inflow rate and field conditionson the performance of modern surfaceirrigation systems in Egypt. Field datawere collected on wheat and cotton underEgyptian conditions in order to estimateinfiltration, roughness and performanceparameters. Tests were made with a varietyof inflow rates and a variety ofcross-section shapes (flat or furrowed andseveral furrow spacings). These studiesprovide information on expected values ofinfiltration and roughness parameterstypical of cracking clay soils in the NileDelta, as well as guidelines andrecommendations for use of long-levelbasins in Egypt.     

反求工程技术及实例分析

综述了反求工程技术的基本概念、应用领域和技术现状,并给出了反求工程技术在汽车领域的一应用实例。最后,指出了反求工程技术的未来发展方向。     

波纹形非光滑推土板减粘降阻的简化力学模型

针对粘性土壤提出了一个简化力学模型，数值模拟了具有一定粘性的土壤与波纹型推土板之间的作用力。数值计算结果显示，在通常的力学条件下波纹板与土壤的接触面积小于相应的平板面积，可以达到减粘降阻的目的。计算了波纹板表面的压力分布，并指出在土壤与农机具粘附系统中波纹形表面摩擦力最大的位置。     

基于MDT的双翼翻土防漏耕犁的犁体曲面展开

介绍一种基于MDT的犁壁曲面双样板曲线近似展开法，在MDT平台上直接用直线投影法求样板曲线，并直接将正视图投影到三维犁曲面上求各元线实长，减少了计算工作量，具有快捷方便的优点，该方法已用于双翼翻土防漏耕犁的设计，效果良好。     

“层流型”分草曲面用于覆盖免耕播种机的研究

运用流体力学基本原理对分草曲面的工作流场、秸秆覆盖层的连续介质属性，以及曲面用于分草、防堵的机理进行了研究。采用“环槽试验方法”测定秸秆层的“相当粘度”，将分草曲面视为绕流物体，提出“层流型”曲面分草器最具良好的绕流性能，宜用作覆盖免耕播种机的防堵装置。本文并对５种流线的流速变化特征及其绕流特性进行了分析研究，提出抛物线与双曲线最宜用作分草曲面的流线。